Empowerment Children And Young People

Empowerment Children And Young People Introduction The subject of globalisation has always aroused a significant level of interest across all disciplines and it was highly interesting to explore the impact that globalisation has had on marketing strategies. As a group, we began the research process after identifying how globalisation has been manifested in the world and various factors in marketing strategies that have changed since the onset of globalisation. It was important to assess the popularity of the topic and whether it had been extensively researched in the past in order to determine whether it was a good project choice. The group identified that the study of the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies still required to be further explored because other researchers had not examined the issue exhaustively. Having collected different findings that other researchers had discovered about the project, we were able to set a background for the study through analysing studies with the most relevant information regarding the topic under study. We needed to do a significant level of reading and therefore consulted a number of publications including journals, books and web resources. Scanning was highly effective in coming up with the most reliable written information for the literature review. This reflection essay represents the groups recollection of experiences, lessons, feelings, fears and other group dynamics experienced during the completion of the project. The reflection is highly useful for people who intend to perform future projects as it gives an insight of how the procedure is likely to be. Furthermore, the reflection offers an insight into the research process and effectively describes the structure of the report and how various decisions regarding the choice of material and ideas were made. The report further establishes challenges that the group faced along the way; a factor that would help groups in defining ways of dealing with such challenges so as to ensure positive outcome. Reflection on experiences The completion of this project was a great learning experience in terms of the process of conducting research and in learning various group dynamics that are highly important in enhancing effective outcomes. The most involving experience for the group was in the selection of the most ideal topic to be used for the study and eventually obtaining the relevant material to complete the research. It was interesting to note that there existed numerous lucrative subjects under which we could conduct the intended research. The need for a unique research however finally led use to the selected topic on the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies which was followed by the selection of the various resources to be used in the completion of the study. While there were an abundant number of resources for use, it was imperative for the group to collect the most recent researches because the subject of globalisation is developing at a tremendous rate hence the need to be well informed on rec ent trends during the conduction of such a research. The research was conducted in a highly systematic manner because the group intended to ensure that the most viable results were obtained in explaining the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies. To begin with, the group had to effectively familiarise itself with the topic of study so as to effectively identify the key aspects that needed to be explored. As noted by McDaniel (1991, p, 28), definition of the problem marks a significant stage in research because it forms the basis for successful completion of the research and eventual ability to respond effectively to the research question. It was therefore imperative for the group to recognize and define the problem effectively. The research question that this study intended to answer was How has globalisation impacted on marketing strategies? As a group, we had to familiarise ourselves with the subject of globalisation and how this has impacted on marketing strategies. We had to analyse the various trends in marketing strateg ies that had developed following the onset of globalisation in order to determine the most recent trends which would fit perfectly into the study. In order to achieve this, there was need to consult various books, journals and web articles. It was only when we were clear on the subject of globalisation that we embarked on our research which required the identification of how globalisation had impacted on marketing strategies The second step after identification of the research question was the determination of the research design to be applied in conducting the research. This denoted the need for the identification of the methodology that the group would use in obtaining the relevant information for the research so as to ensure that the outcome of the research was as intended. Accordingly, the group decided to make use of secondary data which not only provided adequate information regarding the topic but which also provided a fast and cheap method of data collection. The information would be obtained from books, journals and web articles identified from various libraries. The third stage in the research process was the actual collection of information about globalisation and its impact on marketing strategies. The undertaking that the group took during this stage was to list down various globalisation trends that had been recorded in the recent past and thereby form the basis for the study. This was followed by selection of the best topics to pursue in explaining the different changes witnessed in marketing strategies. It was during this stage that we finalised the main topics to be covered in the study and the sources of data were conclusively identified. We then proceeded to collect and record the researched information in order to establish how globalisation had impacted on marketing strategies among companies around the world. It was notable that globalisation had indeed transformed the business world and that firms were not only expected to focus on their regions of operation but also seek to compete globally. This is because competitors could be from anywhere in the world, given the increased freedom of trade which allowed companies to export their products from one country to the other. The need for aggressive marketing was therefore apparent with the rise of globalisation; hence the reason why marketing strategies were evolving at a significantly high rate. Through the available books, journals and web articles, the group was in a position to identify the various trends in globalisation and hence interconnect them to the rapidly developing marketing strategies aimed at achieving the best results for the research. The next step was to embark on the analysis of data in order to determine the best and most relevant information to be included in the final research paper. This involved the consolidation of information that consisted of identical or close view in order to ensure that the most relevant information was incorporated into the final paper. The groups intention was to ensure desired response towards the research question was achieved and that the paper eventually established the changing trend in marketing strategies following continued advancement in globalisation. There was therefore a significant need to exercise a high level of caution in the analysis of data because this to a large extent determined the final outcome of the study. Furthermore, it dictated the direction that the study would take and the eventual accomplishment of the desired outcome. The final stage in the research process was the presentation of our findings in the form of a research paper. This was the paper that readers could use to obtain comprehensive information on the subject of study that our group had selected. Accordingly, the stage involved ensuring logical presentation of ideas in the paper so as to ensure that they were coherent enough for potential users to understand. According to Southwick (2004, p. 18), it is imperative to ensure that the results of the study are presented highly specific manner in order to ensure that the readers are able to understand the findings effortlessly. This marked the climax of the group work and it was encouraging to not how far we had come and the fact that we had finally achieved what we had been longing for. Having finalized this, we now had a full report on the identified topic and were ready to present the research paper for this course module.   The achievement of the above objectives consisted of many experiences and lessons for the group; with new aspects in the research process emerging every day. Decision making was not as easy as individual decision making because there was need to consult and consequently establish the best option depending on the views of the group. In this regard, sometimes it would seem as though simple procedures were taking too long to complete, yet there was need to consult and brainstorm in order to come up with the best solutions to enhance the success of the research process. A significant level of concern was on the space to be dedicated to various subtopics and which of them carried more weight as far as the issue of globalisation was concerned. We eventually agreed that giving equal number word count for each subtopic would only lead to irrelevant information regarding certain topics which did not carry so much weight in the research. It was therefore decided that the number of words in eac h section would depend on the amount of information that was available and the unique features that needed to be brought to attention in the study. Besides the identification of the main topics to be covered in the study, the literature review formed an interesting part of the paper and essentially consumed a significant amount of time during the research process. This is because various aspects within the literature review led to the discovery of many other globalisation aspects and it was almost impossible to determine which details to include in the report and which ones to leave out. Accordingly, literature review took a significant amount of time to eventually finalise as the group members sought to determine the most important aspects to be introduced into the paper. It can be established that the expansive literature review played a significant role in coming up with the most relevant topics as far as the impact of globalisation and market strategies are concerned. Personal sentiments and learning experiences Personally, there was a great deal of learning facilitated by the requirements of the research paper and group participation in the completion of this research. It is my belief that the research will be of great importance to future studies. This is because a significant number of issues are identified and these portray the rapidly changing business environment where globalisation has impacted on business processes to a significant level. At a certain point during the research however, I doubted whether all the aspects of marketing strategies identified could be presented in the paper without making it sound too general. I was however convinced that each of the factors had to be discussed because it played an imperative role in the changes being witnessed in the business world. The manner in which various sections in the paper were handled gave the impression that some received greater attention than others. Furthermore, there was relevant information on each of the identified factors. It was however notable that recent trends deserved more attention in the paper because they were likely to catch more attention from readers. This is because they were already familiar with the older factors and they would be more interested in gaining knowledge that was fresh and intriguing. Accordingly, giving such topics more attention increased the value of the paper and its significance to the business and academic worlds. There are other challenges that emerged during the research process and it was apparent that my views differed significantly from those of my colleagues. In order to cope with this, I learned how to listen and to always consult because this was the only way of ensuring effective communication and enhancing a desirable outcome. Learning experiences from group dynamics Group dynamics are highly essential in enhancing the success of the group. This is because group members can utilise the various strengths that they possess in improving the group while complimenting the weaknesses within the group. Group members can contribute their skills and knowledge in enhancing the achievement of the groups objectives. During the research, it was interesting to cooperate with group members, share responsibilities and assist each other in areas that we found difficult. This was especially useful during the initial stages of the research whereby the contribution of members towards the selection of relevant topics to pursue was highly relevant. Most importantly, the collection of data was very easy because we effectively divided responsibilities among ourselves and then came back together to compile the report. Group work could however jeopardise the achievement of the research objectives if the members are not willing to cooperate and own up to others from time to time. It is important to note that ones view cannot be considered every time and that there are instances when other members views are considered more lucrative. The ability to accept such realities through owning up during brainstorming is therefore very important in enhancing group work. Further, each group member should be able to cooperate with other group members so as to ensure that the common goal in the group is achieved. This to a significant level determines the eventual outcome of the research because the input of group members matter significantly. Group work helped use to realise our strengths and weaknesses and thus played an imperative role in the eventual outcome of the study. Lessons and future implications The subject of globalisation is highly dynamic and the secret towards obtaining the most relevant information lies in the ability to obtain the most recent literature on globalisation. This necessitates wide reading and research in order to determine the most relevant trends to include in a globalisation study. In this research for example, it was important to note the significant growth in new world powers, changing customer preferences and the popularity of internet marketing among other factors in the contemporary business world. Ability to keep up with the trends plays a significant role in enhancing the development of a comprehensive study. The second lesson was in the essence of group work in the achievement of common objectives. Notably, there is need to exercise a high level of interdependence and to ensure fair participation of all group members. I learned that through consulting with others, it is so much easier to determine the most relevant information to use because it provides an opportunity to weigh the various views presented by group members. It is important to anticipate challenges as opposed to having a limited view on the research process. This is because as people start working on the project, the process may initially seem easy because it is just a matter of answering the research question. However, challenges tend to emerge along the way and the group members must be in a position to deal with such challenges in order to eventually achieve the set objectives. Examples of challenges that groups will encounter include conflicting time schedules that limit meetings and limited cooperation from members at certain points during the research process that could highly impact on the outcome. Inability to agree on common objectives and self-justification could also ruin the groups ability to achieve the set objectives. We identified a self-damaging aspect known as procrastination which needs to be avoided as much as possible in order to promote efficiency. Procrastination refers to constant postponing of issues due to the impression that there is still time to complete the work in time. This however works to ones disadvantage because it leads to rushing at the last minute when the paper should have been completed as early as possible. It should thus be avoided in order to ensure that the assignment is completed in time and thus offer more time for revision and correction of the final research paper. Conclusion A high level of satisfaction was derived from the completion of this research and the experience gained was very valuable to the group. It was interesting to acquire various skills and knowledge in conducting research and to explore the impact of globalisation on marketing strategies. Like any other research process, there are a significant number of lessons to be learned from group dynamics and the need to effectively focus on the study. The completion of the research culminates in a comprehensive report covering the growing trends in globalisation in relation to marketing strategies. It is established that a significant number of changes have been recorded and that marketing strategies are significantly different from the way they used to be before the onset of globalisation. Developing trends are identified and it can be established that globalisation has played the role of creating a borderless world which makes marketing strategies more effective in delivering the intended messages globally. The overall experience in writing the paper therefore helped the group in obtaining valuable information on the identified topic. Completing the research paper successfully however was not without its challenges. There was a lot to learn especially in the need to work together as a team and to use the skills possessed by each group member for the benefit of the group. The need for objective reasoning was clearly demonstrated as various decisions had to be made at various stages of writing the paper. Examples include the identification of the best approach to take for the paper, the need to avoid ambiguous observations and generalisations and the need to remain focused in order to come up with a conclusive research. The process seemed complicated and completion of the paper was faced by various challenges that the group had to endure as a means of enhancing successful completion of the paper. How the group eventually managed to complete the entire project however seems to be the greatest achievement because it symbolises great strength and ability to work through challenges to come up with a highly useful piece of research.

Ozone Layer

IntroductionWhat is Ozone?The chemical formula for ozone is O3. The molecule of ozone constitutes three atoms of oxygen. Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen and is less stable than the diatomic species O2. Ozone is highly reactive form of oxygen. Ozone in the upper layer of the atmosphere protects the ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth surface on the other hand ozone in the lower layer of the earth surface causes respiratory problems in living organisms. About 90 percent of ozone is present in the stratosphere (15 to 50 km altitude). Ozone has two vital functions. First, it is responsible for filtering out large wavelength band of ultraviolet solar radiation, radiation which would be lethal to the creatures of the earth if it arrived, the earth surface in full intensity. Second, ozone warms the upper layer of the stratosphere, which is an important part of the mechanism of the weather phenomena of the earth atmosphere. The presence of ozone in the upper atmosphere was first recogni zed by Cornu in 1879 and Hartley in 1880.Formation of ozone layerThe formation of ozone layer is photochemical mechanism. The ultraviolet rays strike the oxygen molecules splitting the oxygen molecule into two independent unstable atoms of oxygen. These unstable oxygen atoms in search of stability combine with the unbroken oxygen molecules to form less stable ozone. Since ozone is less stable, ultraviolet rays further split it yielding oxygen molecule and oxygen atom. This process forms a chain and gets repeated again and again. This is a never ending process. Ozone is a trace gas in the atmosphere. Even in the stratosphere where it is most concentrated, it forms only a few parts per million of the local atmospheric composition.Discovery of ozone holeThe Antarctic ozone hole was discovered in 1985. A team of scientists from the British Antarctic survey reported a very larger seasonal fall in ozone values measured over their station at Halley Bay in Antarctica. Every year in Septembe r and October, ozone levels were falling significantly, by about 25 percent but sometimes by as much as 60 percent. The decline probably started around 1976. Data showed no significant changes during 1957 and 1975 but there were apparent changes from 1977 to 1984. When scientists reported the Antarctic Ozone hole and, more importantly, that the impact of ozone depletion would include increased risk of cataract and skin cancer and of reduced body immunity, the public, especially in the north, became worried.Depletion of ozone in the stratosphereThe debates point towards the oxides of nitrogen and water-vapor from the exhaust of high flying aircraft. This was followed by a widely published argument that inert chlorine containing compounds might significantly deplete stratospheric ozone. By 1985, the concerns about nitrogen oxides were largely laid to rest.The Montreal Protocol to the 1985 Vienna Convention for the protection of Ozone layer, signed on September 16, 1987 is one of the s mall numbers of international environmental agreements that have had rapid and concrete impacts on the actions of the nations and other groups responsible for the quality of environment.While the 1985 Vienna Convention only urged States to adopt measures to reduce their consumption of harmful chemicals, Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed to reduce consumption, of key Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to 50 percent of 1986 levels by 1988. Through the effort of industry, government and public interest groups, and motivated by improvements in scientific understanding, technical capability and a willingness to overcome social and economic barriers, reductions in use and phase-outs have progressed further and faster than expected while the list of controlled chemicals has expanded. At meetings in London in 1990 and Copenhagen in 1992, Parties accelerated the original reduction schedules and added the new substances to the list. Three years later, at the seventh meeting of the Parties in Vi enna, Parties agreed to phase-out methyl bromide.Incremental CostsMany actions that help protect the global environment incur incremental costs. For example, the choice of more expensive (but non-ozone-depleting) technologies and chemicals to provide a given level of refrigeration yields a global environmental benefit in the form of protection for the ozone layer in the Stratosphere. This global benefit has not been valued monetarily but had been judged implicitly to exceed the costs of phasing out ozone depleting substances (ODSs). Incremental costs are being incurred to protect global biodiversity, reduce the risk of climate change, and prevent the pollution of international waters. Benefits of protecting the global or regional environment accrue to many nations, rather than only to the country that incurs the cost of action. To minimize the global incremental costs, that is to achieve a given level of ozone-depleting substances phase out at the lowest cost to the world community. Future impactsThe negotiations concerning Ozone between 1982 and 1992 have launched and developed a new type of diplomacy, which can rightly be called global environmental diplomacy. While it is certainly true that the Montreal Protocol involved many countries with strong views on what should be done, there was always a willingness to take one step at a time. The phasing out of CFCs are could not be agreed upon in 1987, it was accepted 50 percent. The agreement to phase out methyl chloroform by 2000 was not agreed upon in London, it was accepted in 2003. Of course, countries agreed to the interim steps because they believed they could come back another time and make the step more stringent, which is what happened at every stage. But, the spirit of compromise was critical to the success of the Protocol.Likely, future demand for each ODS use was projected to the year 2010 (2015 for 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane) in the absence of any limitations imposed by the Montreal Protocol. The resulta nt unconstrained demand forecasts provided the baseline estimate of the quantities of the ODSs to be substituted if demand for products is to be fulfilled, thus maintaining the domestic benefit. Given the uncertainties associated with forecasting, especially so far into the future, the projections were only indicative of likely future trends.The future state of the ozone layer will remain still because it will be controlled not only by chlorine and bromine loading but also by the atmospheric abundance of nitrous oxide, methane, sulphate particles, carbon dioxide and water vapor and by the climate of the earth. It is essential to clarify the mechanisms potentially delaying the recovery of the ozone layer. Such work should be followed by research for predicting the future of the ozone layer, as well as risk assessments and countermeasures, taking into account the above mentioned uncertainties. It is also important to study the possible impacts of ozone layer destruction on human healt h and ecosystems.Works CitedDr. Christie Maureen. The Ozone Layer: A Philosophy of Science Perspective.Cambridge University Press (2001)Mohan Munasinghe. King Kenneth. Ozone Layer Protection: Country Incremental Costs.World Bank Publications (1995)Le Preste, Phillipe G. Reid, John D. Morehouse Thomas E. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models and Prospects.Springer (1998)

Essay on The Evil In Hamlet - 1169 Words

The Evil In Hamlet Throughout the play Hamlet, evil thoughts and actions can be seen. The characters Hamlet, King Claudius, and Queen Gertrude consistently are influenced by the forces of evil. Evil becomes the controlling factor of the play and causes the characters thoughts and actions to be blurred. Hamlet’s thoughts are constantly darkened by suicide and death. Hamlet can be seen as suicidal in one of his first soliloquies. â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt / Thaw and resolve itself into a dew, / Or that the Everlasting had not fixed / His canon gainst self-slaughter. O God. God† (Ham. 1. 2. 129-132). This shows Hamlet wishes his flesh would melt because his mothers actions have made the world completely†¦show more content†¦Hamlet is fascinated by the power of death to transform a human into an object such as a skull that he can hold in his hand. Hamlets thoughts are darkened by evil which makes life seems pointless to him when he is looking death directly right in the face. King Claudius is so poisoned by the evil of death he becomes obsessed with covering up his evil murder. In the beginning of the play King Claudius gives a speech on how the kingdom should move on quickly from the death of the old king Hamlet. â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brothers death / The memory be green, and that it us befitted / To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom / To be contracted in one brow of woe, / Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature† (Ham. 1. 2. 1-5). King Claudius’ actions are based on the fact that he murdered the old king and wants to try and cover it up and move on as quickly as possible. The king’s thoughts are so clouded by evil he only thinks to protect himself and he doesn’t care about anyone else. King Claudius, driven by his evil murder, tries anything he can to get rid of Hamlet. â€Å"I like him not, nor stands it safe with us / To let his madness range. Therefore prepare you. / I your commissi on will forthwith dispatch, / And he to England shall along with you† (Ham. 3. 3. 1-4). This shows King Claudius being so consumed by evil he attempts to cover his own safety at the expense of shipping Hamlet off to England. King Claudius’ thoughts are even moreShow MoreRelatedIs the Ghost in Hamlet Pure Evil? 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If we were to follow the first of these two possibilities, placing our trust in the hands of a very possibly insane Hamlet, we accuse GertrudeRead More Hamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in the Play Hamlet by William Shakespeare933 Words   |  4 PagesHamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in the Play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Hamlet’s Transformation from Good to Evil In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare, Hamlet endures exorbitant amount of pain and anger because of his father’s death, his mothers hasty remarriage, and the loss of his only love, Ophelia. The losses that Hamlet has to deal with, the anger and lack of forgiveness that he allows to build within himself, allows Hamlet’s true thoughts and character to be revealed through his

Ignacio Allende, Champion of Mexican Independence

Ignacio Josà © de Allende y Unzaga (January 21, 1769–June 26, 1811) was a Mexican-born officer in the Spanish army who switched sides and fought for independence. He fought in the early part of the conflict alongside the â€Å"Father of Mexican Independence,† Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Although Allende and Hidalgo had some initial success against the Spanish colonial forces, both were eventually captured and executed in 1811. Fast Facts: Ignacio Allende Known For: Taking up arms in the cause of Mexican independenceAlso Known As: Ignacio Josà © de Allende y UnzagaBorn: January 21, 1769 in San Miguel el Grande,  Guanajuato,  New Spain (now  San Miguel de Allende, Mexico)Parents: Domingo Narciso de Allende, Marà ­a Ana de UnzagaDied: June 26, 1811 in Chihuahua,  Nueva Vizcaya,  New Spain (now Mexico)Spouse: Maria de la Luz Agustina de las Fuentes  Children: Indalecio Allende,  Josà © Guadalupe Allende,  Juana Marà ­a Allende Early Life Allende was born to a wealthy Creole family in the town of San Miguel el Grande (the name of the town is now San Miguel de Allende in his honor) on January 21, 1769. As a young man, he led a life of privilege and joined the army while in his 20s. He was an able officer, and some of his promotions would come at the hands of his future foe General Fà ©lix Calleja. By 1808 he returned to San Miguel, where he was put in charge of a royal cavalry regiment. Conspiracies Allende apparently became convinced fairly early on of the need for Mexico to become independent from Spain, perhaps as early as 1806. There was evidence that he was part of an underground conspiracy in Valladolid in 1809, but he was not punished, probably because the conspiracy was quashed before it could go anywhere and he was a skilled officer from a good family. In early 1810, he became involved in another conspiracy, this one led by Mayor of Querà ©taro Miguel Domà ­nguez and his wife. Allende was a valued leader because of his training, contacts, and charisma. The revolution was set to begin in December 1810. El Grito de Dolores The conspirators secretly ordered weapons and spoke to influential Creole military officers, bringing many over to their cause. But in September 1810, they got word that their conspiracy had been found out and warrants were issued for their arrests. Allende was in Dolores on September 15 with Father Hidalgo when they heard the bad news. They decided to start the revolution then and there as opposed to hiding. The next morning, Hidalgo rang the church bells and gave his legendary â€Å"Grito de Dolores† or Cry of Dolores, in which he exhorted the poor of Mexico to take up arms against their Spanish oppressors. The Siege of Guanajuato Allende and Hidalgo suddenly found themselves at the head of an angry mob. They marched on San Miguel, where the mob murdered Spaniards and looted their homes: it must have been difficult for Allende to see this happen in his hometown. After passing through the town of Celaya, which wisely surrendered without a shot, the mob marched on the city of Guanajuato where 500 Spaniards and royalists had fortified the large public granary and prepared to fight. The angry mob fought the defenders for five hours before overrunning the granary, massacring all inside. Then they turned their attention to the city, which was sacked. Monte de Las Cruces The insurgent army continued to make its way toward Mexico City, which began to panic when word of the horrors of Guanajuato reached its citizens. Viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas hastily scraped together all of the infantry and cavalries he could muster and sent them out to meet the rebels. The royalists and insurgents met on October 30, 1810, at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces not far outside of Mexico City. The barely 1,500 royalists fought bravely but could not defeat the horde of 80,000 insurgents. Mexico City appeared to be within the reach of the rebels. Retreat With Mexico City within their grasp, Allende and Hidalgo did the unthinkable: they retreated back toward Guadalajara. Historians are unsure why they did: all agree that it was a mistake. Allende was in favor of pressing on, but Hidalgo, who controlled the masses of peasants and Indians making up the bulk of the army, overrode him. The retreating army was caught in a skirmish near Aculco by a larger force led by General Calleja and split up: Allende went to Guanajuato and Hidalgo to Guadalajara. Schism Although Allende and Hidalgo agreed on independence, they disagreed on much, particularly on how to wage war. Allende, the professional soldier, was aghast at Hidalgo’s encouragement of the looting of towns and the executions of all Spaniards they came across. Hidalgo argued that the violence was necessary and that without the promise of loot, most of their army would desert. Not all of the army was made up of angry peasants: there were some Creole army regiments, and these were almost all loyal to Allende: when the two men split up, most of the professional soldiers went to Guanajuato with Allende. The Battle of Calderon Bridge Allende fortified Guanajuato, but Calleja, turning his attention to Allende first, drove him out. Allende was forced to retreat to Guadalajara and rejoin Hidalgo. There, they decided to make a defensive stand at the strategic Calderon Bridge. On January 17, 1810, Calleja’s well-trained royalist army met the insurgents there. It seemed that the vast insurgent numbers would carry the day, but a lucky Spanish cannonball ignited a rebel munitions dump, and in the ensuing chaos the undisciplined rebels scattered. Hidalgo, Allende and the other insurgent leaders were forced out of Guadalajara, most of their army gone. Death As they made their way north, Allende had finally had enough of Hidalgo. He stripped him of command and arrested him. Their relationship had already deteriorated so badly that Allende had tried to poison Hidalgo while they were both in Guadalajara before the battle of Calderà ³n Bridge. Hidalgo’s removal became a moot point on March 21, 1811, when Ignacio Elizondo, an insurgent commander, betrayed and captured Allende, Hidalgo and the other insurgency leaders as they made their way north. The leaders were sent to the city of Chihuahua, where all were tried and executed. Allende, Juan Aldama, and Mariano Jimenez were killed on June 26, while Hidalgo died on July 30. Their four heads were sent to hang on the corners of the public granary of Guanajuato. Legacy It was unfortunate for the Mexicans involved in the struggle for Independence that Hidalgo and Allende quarreled so bitterly. In spite of their differences, the tactician and soldier and the charismatic priest made a very good team, something they realized at the end when it was too late. Allende is today remembered as one of the great leaders of the early Mexican Independence movement, and his remains rest in Mexico City’s hallowed Independence Column alongside those of Hidalgo, Jimà ©nez, Aldama, and others. His hometown of San Miguel el Grande was renamed in his honor: San Miguel de Allende. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence. Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L. Latin America’s Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc., 2003.Villalpando, Josà © Manuel. Miguel Hidalgo. Mexico City: Editorial Planeta, 2002.